Early menopause and heart disease: Lower the risk of Type 2 diabetes and cholesterol changes

Menopause is a natural phase in a woman's life, typically occurring between the ages of 45 and 55, marking the end of her reproductive years. However, some women experience early menopause, defined as the cessation of menstruation before age 40. This condition can have various implications for a woman's health, notably an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).

Early menopause occurs when the ovaries cease to function prematurely, leading to a significant drop in estrogen levels, explains Dr Manjinder Singh Sandhu, Principal Director of Cardiology at Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram, “Estrogen is a hormone that plays a vital role in maintaining cardiovascular health. Its early decline not only affects reproductive health but also poses substantial risks for heart disease. Women who experience early menopause should be vigilant about their heart health, as the loss of estrogen protection significantly increases their risk of coronary heart disease," he adds

Dr Sandhu lists the risk factors associated with early menopause and its link to coronary heart disease:

• Loss of estrogen protection: Estrogen helps to maintain healthy blood vessels and promotes good cholesterol (HDL) while reducing bad cholesterol (LDL). An early drop in estrogen levels increases the risk of heart-related issues by impairing blood vessel flexibility and promoting atherosclerosis, which can lead to coronary artery blockages.

• Higher risk of hypertension: The onset of early menopause is linked to a greater likelihood of developing hypertension (high blood pressure). The absence of estrogen's regulatory effects can lead to elevated blood pressure, placing extra strain on the heart and arteries, making it a leading risk factor for CHD.

• Increased risk of type 2 diabetes: Women experiencing early menopause may face a higher risk of developing insulin resistance, which can lead to type 2 diabetes. This condition is a well-known risk factor for CHD, as prolonged high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels and contribute to arterial narrowing and hardening.

• Changes in cholesterol levels: Following menopause, cholesterol levels often rise, particularly LDL, which contributes to plaque buildup in arteries. Women who undergo early menopause may experience these adverse changes earlier, increasing their long-term risk of coronary heart disease.

• Weight gain and metabolic changes: Hormonal fluctuations during early menopause can result in weight gain, especially around the abdomen. Abdominal obesity is a significant risk factor for CHD and is associated with metabolic syndrome, which raises the risk of heart disease.

Preventive measures:

Women facing early menopause can reduce their risk of coronary heart disease by adopting heart-healthy habits. Engaging in regular exercise, like brisk walking for at least 150 minutes a week, and following a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are essential. Monitoring blood pressure and cholesterol, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption further contribute to heart health. Additionally, regular check-ups with a cardiologist can facilitate early detection and management of potential issues.