Genital infections occur when harmful bacteria, viruses, or fungi invade the genital area. These infections can result in a range of symptoms, including burning, itching, pain, and unusual discharge. While UTIs are a common cause, other infections such as vaginitis or STIs can also lead to similar symptoms. Identifying the specific condition causing the discomfort is key to effective treatment.
Burning sensations in the genital area may seem like a UTI at first, but it is important to consider other underlying causes. A proper diagnosis helps ensure the right treatment and prevent complications, says Dr Tejas Mistry, Consultant Urologist, Andrologist, and Kidney Transplant Surgeon at Bhailal Amin General Hospital, Vadodara. " It’s important to pay attention to several factors that can help determine the cause of the burning sensation. Associated symptoms can help identify the cause of burning. Fever, painful urination, and frequent urges may suggest a UTI or prostatitis, while discharge points to vaginitis. Sores or blisters could indicate an STI. Additionally, if urine becomes cloudy and foul-smelling, it is likely a UTI," he says.
Dr Mistry adds that "a constant burning pain, without urination, may be a sign of vaginitis, whereas pain during urination is more common with a UTI".
Also read | Sexually transmitted infections: Watch out for unusual bleeding, pain during intercourse
He lists the following causes and prevention tips:
Causes of burning sensation in the genitals:
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): A UTI is one of the most common causes of burning sensations in the genital area. This condition is often accompanied by frequent urination, pain while urinating, and sometimes fever. The urine may also appear cloudy and have a foul smell. UTIs occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract, leading to infection and inflammation.
- Vaginitis: Vaginitis refers to the inflammation of the vagina, often caused by bacterial infections, yeast infections, or parasitic infections. When the vagina becomes infected, it can cause a burning sensation in the genital area. Other common symptoms include itching and abnormal discharge that may be thick or discoloured.
- Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI): STIs, such as herpes, chlamydia, and gonorrhoea, can cause burning, itching, and painful sores in the genital area. These infections are typically transmitted through unprotected sexual activity. If you notice sores, blisters, or unusual discharge, along with a burning sensation, an STI could be the cause.
- Lichen Sclerosus': Lichen sclerosus' is an autoimmune condition that affects the skin, particularly in the genital area. It causes the skin to become thin, fragile, and scarred, resulting in pain and a burning sensation. It can also cause a narrowing of the urinary passage, making urination painful and difficult.
- Prostatitis: Prostatitis is the inflammation or infection of the prostate gland, which is located near the urinary tract in men. This condition can lead to a burning sensation in the genital area, often accompanied by pain in the lower abdomen, difficulty urinating, or pain during ejaculation.
- Kidney stones: Kidney stones can sometimes cause referred pain that radiates to the genital area. This occurs when stones in the kidneys move into the urinary tract, causing intense pain. Other symptoms include sharp pain in the lower back or groin, nausea, and blood in the urine.
- Menopausal changes: As women approach menopause, the decrease in estrogen levels can lead to vaginal dryness and thinning of the vaginal walls. This can cause a burning sensation, itching, and discomfort in the genital area. These symptoms are often exacerbated by the lack of estrogen, which is necessary for maintaining the health of genital skin.
- Hydration: Drinking enough water helps keep urine pale yellow or clear, which assists in flushing out toxins and bacteria from the urinary tract. Staying hydrated is essential in maintaining a healthy urinary system and preventing infections.
- Frequent urination: It's important to urinate regularly to help flush out any bacteria that may be present in the urinary tract, particularly after intercourse. This reduces the chances of developing a UTI.
- Proper hygiene: Keeping the genital area clean and dry is crucial. Avoid using harsh soaps, douches, or scented vaginal products, as they can irritate the area and disrupt the natural pH balance. Opting for cotton underwear instead of synthetic materials can also help reduce irritation and moisture buildup.
- Barrier contraception: Using condoms or other barrier methods during sexual activity can protect against STIs and help reduce the risk of infections that lead to burning sensations.
- Seek help: If you experience persistent burning, discharge, or difficulty urinating, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis. While some of these symptoms may be self-limited and resolve with time, others may require medical treatment to avoid complications. A urologist or gynaecologist can provide personalised care and ensure timely treatment for the condition.
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