Taipei came to a brief standstill on Thursday when air raid sirens forced people off the streets and into underground shelters in a rehearsal for a Chinese attack.
The annual civilian drill is being held in cities across Taiwan this week, alongside military training, to prepare the self-governed island for a potential Chinese invasion.
While communist China has never ruled Taiwan, Beijing insists the island is part of its territory and has threatened to use force to bring it under its control.
At 1:30 pm (0530 GMT) sirens sounded across Taipei, bringing the capital city of 2.5 million people to a halt for half an hour.
Police waving batons stopped motorbikes, cars and public buses on the streets, and people were directed into shelters, including basements and subway stations.
Some people retreated into office buildings for the duration of the exercise.
Tracy Herr, 50, was on her way to a temple when she heard the air raid siren. She went to a nearby subway station where others were sheltering.
Pointing at a group of young women sitting on the floor and chatting, Herr said Taiwanese people had "lived comfortably for too long" and some didn't take the air raid drill seriously.
The drills also involved simulating wartime aid distribution and a mass-casualty event.
Dozens of people lined up at three distribution points to receive bags of rice, cooking oil and salt.
Since taking office last year, Taiwanese President Lai Ching-te has sought to raise public awareness of the threat posed by China.
The drills were "necessary because tensions across the strait are so high right now", 25-year-old Oscar Wang told AFP.
"So it's important to let us ordinary people become more familiar with evacuation routes," he said.
- 'Reality of modern warfare' -
Taiwan is also keen to show the world, especially its key security backer Washington, that it is serious about boosting its defence capability.
Taiwanese regular troops were joined by the largest-ever mobilisation of reservists for the 10-day "Han Kuang" military drills, which end Friday.
Rather than only repelling a Chinese attack on its shores, Taiwanese troops this year have also practised fighting invading forces in city streets.
"It is as much training as acclimating the Taiwanese population to the reality of modern warfare," said Kitsch Liao of the Atlantic Council, a US think tank.
Heavily armed troops carrying US-provided anti-aircraft Stinger missiles stormed Taipei's metro system in a night-time exercise.
High-tech mobile missile launchers from the United States also have been positioned around the capital and elsewhere, in full view of the public.
And shoppers in a Taipei supermarket recently became participants in a drill simulating a Chinese missile strike on the city.
"I didn't know there was going to be a drill," Yang Shu-ting, 70, told AFP.
"My heart was beating very fast and I was inevitably nervous. I think the point is to let you know where you should hide if something happens."
Troops have also simulated various scenarios, including "grey zone harassment" -- tactics that fall short of an act of war -- and "long-range precision strikes", defence officials have said.
Several minor collisions involving military vehicles during the exercises highlighted the challenge of manoeuvring through Taiwan's narrow streets.
Defence expert Chieh Chung said such mishaps were "difficult to avoid" in urban areas.
"In Taiwan, many roads and bridges create significant limitations for armoured vehicles when they move through," said Chieh, a researcher at the Association of Strategic Foresight in Taipei.
"So this becomes a problem and obstacle for both attacking and defending forces."
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