HomeScienceAncient cave art in Spain likely made by Neanderthals, not humans

Ancient cave art in Spain likely made by Neanderthals, not humans

New research reveals that the world’s oldest known cave art was likely created by Neanderthals, not modern humans. This question on previous assumptions about human symbolic and artistic expression.

November 06, 2025 / 11:30 IST
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Spain is the oldest dated cave painting, with a minimum age of 66,700 years. (Image: (Hoffman et al/ Science)
Spain is the oldest dated cave painting, with a minimum age of 66,700 years. (Image: (Hoffman et al/ Science)

New research reveals Neanderthals created cave art long before humans arrived. Spanish caves host hand stencils, dots and geometric pigment designs. The dates suggest these works are at least 64,000 years old. Modern humans had not reached Iberia during this ancient period. This evidence positions Neanderthals as capable of symbolic artistic expression.

Ancient Art in Spanish Caves

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Researchers examined Maltravieso, La Pasiega and Ardales cave sites carefully. Calcite layers covering pigments were dated using uranium-thorium techniques precisely. These measurements provide minimum ages for the underlying painted surfaces.

Signs include handprints, lines, dots and abstract geometric symbols frequently. The findings challenge assumptions about modern humans owning symbolic behaviour exclusively.