There are costs to living a virtuous life; it requires going without. This is true psychologically, because sacrifice gives virtue meaning. But it's also true mathematically. You pay a price when you constrain who you will buy from, who you will work for, and what you will invest in. When times are good, the costs of a virtuous life may not seem too high, but eventually the bill comes due.
That reckoning is now. We may be seeing the end of the virtue economy bubble. That's not necessarily bad, because the virtue economy wasn't making the world a better place. It may have even been making it worse.
The idea of letting your values guide your financial life has been growing over the last decade, and really took off during the pandemic. The amount of money in Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) funds was expected to reach $41 trillion this year.
According to a recent survey from Charles Schwab, 73 percent of surveyed participants claimed personal values have become a bigger factor in how they make life decisions in the last two years; 82 percent say their values impact their investing; 76 percent said when they make a purchase “the values of the company who made the product are an important consideration”, and an astonishing 59 percent of respondents say they’d take a lower salary to work at a company that shared their values.
But how much those same people are truly willing to pay for satisfying their values is unclear. When it came to investing, a company’s performance was rated first among considerations in the survey; so did price when it came to shopping. Virtue may have been ranking so high in recent years because there wasn't a big cost to virtuous economic decisions — stocks were rising and inflation was almost non-existent. Times have changed.
Five years ago, hedge funder Cliff Asness caused a small stir in the ESG investment community when he pointed out an obvious truth. He argued that ESG investment funds will typically return less than funds that are free to invest anywhere.
He explained that constrained optimisation will result in lower returns than unconstrained. It makes intuitive sense: if you need to turn down a good investment because it isn't ESG compliant, that means you’ll earn less money than someone who is free to invest in it. The more constraints you put on yourself, the less you can expect to earn. Asness was baffled that ESG was being sold as a good investment.
For a while, as ESG funds gained popularity among retail and institutional investors, it looked like their returns were higher than funds full of sin. Since 2010, a US ESG index fund (SXEIMUV) has outperformed the S&P 500.
But the true test of any asset class is how it performs in all markets. Once the market began to turn down this year, the S&P fund did better, or less bad, than ESG funds. An S&P fund is down 17.3 percent from the start of the year, while the ESG index is down 18.7 percent. A bull market covers many sins — or virtues. Now that the market is turning, even ESG industry insiders are voicing scepticism.
The same is true for where you choose to work, or what you buy. You sell your labour, and if you limit the pool of buyers to firms that share your politics that means fewer offers and possibly turning down more money. When the labour market is tight and you have many employers to choose from, odds are you don’t have to sacrifice much to make this choice. It may be one reason why firms were quick to take political stands on issues that may align with their workers’ values.
Workers may not be able to be so fussy if the labour market softens. Shared values may wear thin if you've got lousy managers or the job doesn’t pay so well. In a higher-inflation environment, taking a pay cut isn't so easy.
Virtuous consumption is also getting more expensive. There is less scope to shop for the lowest price if you will only buy cinnamon from a spice dealer who hates the same politicians you do. As inflation goes up, virtuous shopping costs even more because the ability to substitute and comparison shop are your best defence against rising prices.
It's hard to tell how many workers and consumers actually let virtue guide their decisions. It's one thing to assert something on a survey; it's another to take an actual pay cut, or choose to pay 20 percent more for groceries.
Is it a coincidence that as the economy is looking more precarious, firms are starting to demur from taking a stand on contentious issues? Or could it be because they see less value in doing so as the economy gets riskier?
Virtue-based policies may bring more costs than benefits. Columbia Business School Professor Vanessa Burbano studied how workers responded when their employer publicly supported gender-neutral bathrooms. She found that taking this political stance did little to motivate supporters, but it alienated and demotivated the workers who disagreed with the cause.
We needn’t mourn the fading of the virtue economy. It was horribly inefficient. It takes time to research every company you might invest in, work for, or buy things from. If you miss something in your research (how can you not) you’ll later have to sell stock (maybe at a loss), quit your job (and possibly get paid less elsewhere), or dispose of the good from the offending company, perhaps by burning it and broadcasting the fire on social media (not only wasteful, it poses many other harmful externalities).
Obviously, these costs may be worth it if the offender supports truly abhorrent things like genocide or overt racism. But in these trying times, the moral and ethical standards we expect from each other have become way too high, and there are too many causes to keep track of.
Keeping up with who is pure and worthy of your money or labour is a full-time job — which is why it was so tempting to outsource the whole business to BlackRock. We were doomed from the start to be disappointed and at times hypocritical.
Don’t feel too bad. Odds are your virtue investing/buying/working wasn't doing much good anyway. Because virtue became so complicated and arbitrary, it's not clear it made much of a difference in anyone’s behaviour. Many firms pulled out of Russia, but nearly all still do business in China. Besides, arguably the biggest problem we face today is polarisation and the virtue economy makes that worse.
In these uncertain times we need more shared experiences, even if they include offensive TV, tedious workdays and coping with a volatile stock market. So if you want to save the world, it's better to buy whatever you want, invest in whatever company looks profitable, and work for the employer that pays you the most. Then take all those extra savings and give them to charity.
Allison Schrager is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist covering economics. Views are personal, and do not represent the stand of this publication.
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