Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by the transmission of parasites through mosquito bites, primarily prevalent in tropical countries. It is transmitted solely through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes, and doesn't pass from person to person. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), there are five parasite species causing malaria in humans, with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax posing the greatest threat. Among the 400 Anopheles mosquito species, around 40 can transmit the disease. However, it is reassuring to note that malaria can be prevented and treated effectively.
Who is vulnerable?
Malaria poses a threat to nearly half of the global population. Specific groups, such as infants, children under 5, pregnant women, and those with HIV/AIDS, face a higher risk of severe malaria. Vulnerable populations also include individuals without acquired immunity due to limited prior exposure or lack of preventive treatments, like migrants, mobile communities, and travellers.
Infection risk differs by region, influenced by mosquito types and seasonal factors, peaking during tropical rainy seasons.
Malaria symptoms to watch out for:
Malaria's initial symptoms usually emerge 10–15 days post the dreaded bite, often involving fever, headaches, and chills. These signs can be subtle, making malaria identification challenging. In areas where malaria is common, some individuals with partial immunity may carry the parasite without symptoms. It is important to seek medical attention if any symptoms of malaria are experienced.
To combat malaria effectively, WHO advises swift diagnosis for suspected cases. If Plasmodium falciparum malaria isn't treated within 24 hours, it can escalate to severe illness and potentially prove fatal. Severe malaria can lead to organ failure in adults, while children may experience severe anemia, breathing difficulties, or cerebral malaria. Malaria caused by other Plasmodium species can also result in significant illness and, at times, life-threatening conditions.
Below are some preventive measures and remedies to aid in the fight against malaria:
Use bed nets: In malaria-endemic areas, make use of bed nets treated with insecticides. These nets serve as a physical barrier, guarding against mosquito bites during the nighttime when malaria-transmitting mosquitoes are most active.
Wear protective clothing: When venturing outdoors during peak mosquito activity hours (mostly dawn and dusk), wear long-sleeved shirts, full length pants, socks, and closed-toe shoes. This clothing choice helps reduce the amount of exposed skin vulnerable to mosquito bites.
Apply insect repellent: Apply mosquito repellent to exposed skin surfaces. Seek repellents containing effective ingredients like DEET or picaridin. Ensure you follow the product's instructions meticulously. This additional layer of protection can help reduce the risk of mosquito bites. Also, remember to reapply if you are outdoors for an extended period.
Stay in screened or air-conditioned places: Use window and door screens or air conditioning at home and work place. These features create a barrier that keeps mosquitoes out of your place, thus minimising the chances of encountering infected mosquitoes indoors.
If you are travelling, make sure to consult a healthcare professional to help you assess your specific travel plans and medical history to prescribe appropriate antimalarial medicines.
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