Hyperthyroidism refers to the overproduction of thyroid hormones like triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) by the thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis is the term used for the manifestations (biochemical and physiological) of excess thyroid hormones. This condition can ultimately affect the entire body and must be treated immediately.
Also read: Seven iodine-rich food to cure thyroid problem
The butterfly-shaped gland present in front of your windpipe is the thyroid. The hormones released by it help regulate your body's temperature and keep your metabolism under control by adjusting the rate at which you burn calories, thus affecting weight loss and weight gain. Thyroid hormones can also increase or decrease heart rate.
Hyperthyroidism is approximately two to ten times more common in females and can occur at any age. The primary type is most often seen in younger people, whereas the secondary type is found in older adults.
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Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include:
Cardiovascular symptoms: Elevated heart rate (palpitations), shortness of breath, congestive cardiac failure in the older population and irregular heartbeat may be observed.
Gastrointestinal symptoms: Unexplained weight loss, even when appetite increases, and bowel disturbances like diarrhoea can aid diagnosis.
General symptoms: Easily sweating and becoming intolerant to a warm atmosphere. High thyroid hormone levels can also cause swelling of the thyroid gland, known as goitre, brittle hair, and hair loss. Some people may also experience changes in their vision and bulging of the eyes (medically termed exophthalmos).
The aetiology of hyperthyroidism includes:
Inflammation: Thyroiditis, the inflammation of the thyroid gland, can be either painful or painless and can occur in women about a year after childbirth, leading to postpartum thyroiditis and hyperthyroidism.
Lump in the gland: A thyroid nodule may form in the thyroid gland, which can produce an excessive amount of hormones, leading to physiological changes.
High iodine diet: Consuming high levels of iodine can predispose you to developing hyperthyroidism, whether through your diet or medications. Typically, iodine is used by the body to synthesise thyroid hormones. Medicines used for treating irregular heart rate (arrhythmia) can result in this condition.
Graves' disease: People with this autoimmune condition often have it since birth. It is one of the most common causes of elevated thyroid hormone levels and is more common in women than men. In Graves' disease, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland. Puberty, pregnancy, emotions, and infections are risk factors to consider.
What to do if you are at risk:
There is no established way to prevent hyperthyroidism. Still, the risk can be reduced by regular health checks, especially in women during and after pregnancy. Controlling diabetes by keeping blood sugar levels in check can help. Those with pernicious anaemia (caused by altered Vitamin B12 absorption) are also at higher risk and should consult a doctor if suspicious symptoms arise.
What to eat if you have hyperthyroidism:
Include low-iodine foods in your diet, such as egg whites, fresh fruit, unsalted nuts, and non-iodized salt. Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cassava, and cauliflower can also help lower thyroid hormone levels.
If you notice any of the aforementioned symptoms, it may be wise to visit your health provider.
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