Even with the broad spectrum of symptoms, Ovarian cancer is still one of the most challenging gynaecological tumours due to its lack of specific early symptoms and the diagnosis at an advanced stage. The 'silent killer', as it is often called, usually has nonspecific symptoms such as bloating or feeling full after eating a small amount, salad or bloating, yet these symptoms can easily be dismissed as something more benign or temporary.
The late diagnosis has a considerable impact on survival, and awareness and early intervention are essential. Knowing risk factors — genetic ones like BRCA1 and BRCA2, lifestyle factors like diet, obesity and pregnancy history — can give women the power to take preventive action, says Dr Kanika Batra Modi, Principal Consultant, Surgical Oncology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket.
Regular health screenings, keeping track of family medical history and speaking to healthcare providers about screening options can help. Through education and proactive health choices, women can lower their risk and increase early detection of this formidable disease.
Genetic Factors
Genetics is a major risk factor for ovarian cancer. Women who carry mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have an extremely high risk of ovarian cancer and also a high risk of breast cancer. Another powerful implication is family history; risk is elevated with a mother, sister or daughter diagnosed with ovarian cancer. There are also inherited factors like Lynch syndrome that might raise the risk. Given the role of genetics in ovarian cancer, genetic testing and counselling are also increasingly important for high-risk women to consider preventive options, such as screening tests or prophylactic surgery.
Reproductive and Hormonal Factors
The number of ovulatory cycles in a woman’s life can also be a risk factor. For example, an early onset of menstruation, a late menopause, and no children are associated with a higher risk of ovarian cancer since the associated cell injuries may accrue after diving of ovulation for decades. Conversely, pregnancy, lactation, and long-term use of oral contraceptives likely decrease risk by decreasing the number of ovulations. Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) use, especially long-term, may result in increased risk in some studies.
Lifestyle Factors
Lifestyle habits play a substantial role in overall cancer risk. Obesity correlates with increased ovarian cancer risk and limited survival extension, likely due to hormonal changes and increased and ongoing inflammation. Diets containing higher saturated fats (which commonly would also contain high processed foods) may also play a role, while diets containing healthy levels of fruits and vegetables and whole grains contribute to improved overall health.
Smoking, while believed to be more important than other cancers, has also been associated with some subtypes of ovarian cancer, while inactivity has also been prominently associated with increased risk; exercise can maintain a healthy body weight and improve immunity.
Environmental and Age-Related Factors
Age is a major risk factor, with most cases of ovarian cancer occurring after menopause. Environmental toxins such as asbestos or talc-based powder, along with age and BRCA, along with numerous environmental and lifestyle factors, have been examined as possible contributors to ovarian cancer; the research is still advancing, but it continues to indicate the importance of caution and awareness.
Risk of ovarian cancer arises from several factors: reproductive history, genetic status, environmental exposure, and lifestyle factors. Although we cannot change age or inherited genetic status, we can work toward maintaining healthy lifestyles, pursue genetic counselling when appropriate, and be cognizant of regular check-ups to help with the detection and prevention of ovarian cancer.
Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.
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