Dyspnea on exertion: All about this condition and causes that lead to it
Dyspnea on exertion is breathlessness triggered by activity due to the cardiopulmonary system failing to meet increased oxygen demands. It may result from heart failure, COPD, asthma, anemia, interstitial lung disease, obesity, myocardial ischaemia, mild pneumonia, or smoking-related airway disease. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation and tests, while treatment targets the underlying cause and symptom relief.
Introduction A sensation of breathlessness that either appears or worsens with physical activity, and improves with rest, is known as dyspnea on exertion (DOE). It is one of the most common clinical symptoms seen in a wide range of disorders. It is a result of the failure of the cardiopulmonary system to meet the demands of the body. (Picture Credit: Canva)
Left-sided heart failure Dyspnea on exertion commonly results from left-sided heart failure, where the impaired contraction of the heart, or impaired relaxation, causes pulmonary congestion. The patient experiences breathlessness and difficulty in breathing on lying down. Bilateral crackles are heard on lung examination. (Picture Credit: Canva)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD, also known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, leads to exertional dyspnea, which causes chronic cough and wheeze as well. Physical signs include prolonged expiration and use of accessory muscles. Treatment is usually by the use of inhaled corticosteroids. (Picture Credit: Canva)
Bronchial asthma Another common cause of development of exertional dyspnea is bronchial asthma, which is a consequence of airway hyperreactivity that causes reversible obstruction of the airways. Episodic wheeze and chest tightness are common, and avoidance of allergens is necessary. (Picture Credit: Canva)
Anemia related dyspnea When the oxygen-carrying capacity of the red blood cells is reduced, it causes anemia, which leads to dyspnea on exertion. Signs like pallor and increased heart rate are often noted by the healthcare provider. Brittle nails are a common finding. Iron supplementation and vitamin B12 supplements are recommended. (Picture Credit: Canva)
Interstitial lung disease Interstitial lung disease has also been found to cause exertional dyspnea. The progressive fibrosis reduces lung compliance, and leads to symptoms like dry cough, breathlessness on minimal activity, and fatigue. Velcro crackles are heard on auscultation. (Picture Credit: Canva)
Obesity as a cause Another cause that leads to dyspnea on exertion is obesity. Symptoms like breathlessness on activity and fatigue are common, and the examination may show a high body mass index. The diagnosis is often clinical, and treatment includes weight reduction and graded exercises. (Picture Credit: Canva)
Myocardial ischaemia symptoms Myocardial ischaemia may manifest as exertional dyspnea, especially in those who have diabetes mellitus or are elderly. Associated symptoms like fatigue, excessive sweating, and chest tightness are noted. An ECG may be advised, along with echocardiography. (Picture Credit: Canva)
Mild pneumonia effects It has been found that even mild pneumonia can cause dyspnea on exertion. Symptoms like fever, cough, and chest pain are observed, and the healthcare provider may recommend a chest X-ray, complete blood count, and CRP levels to identify the condition. Appropriate antibiotics are advised. (Picture Credit: Canva)
Smoking-related airway disease Smoking has also been found to affect the lung tissues and cause hypersecretion of mucus. Symptoms like chronic productive cough and wheezing are common. Chest imaging is advised. Cessation of smoking, by using nicotine patches or opting for counselling, may aid in managing this condition. (Picture Credit: Canva) Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.
