Causes and symptoms of abdominal TB: It's a slow-burning threat you cannot ignore

What is abdominal TB?
Tuberculosis is a long-term granulomatous infectious disease that is most often caused by a bacteria known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It commonly affects the lungs, but can potentially involve any organ of the body. The course of this condition depends on the immunity of the individual (Images: Canva)

Health risks of abdominal TB
Abdominal tuberculosis affects the gastrointestinal tract gradually, and can involve the peritoneum (membrane that lines the abdominal cavity) and the lymph nodes. It can also affect the solid organs in the abdomen, and the infection occurs through varied routes.

How abdominal TB spreads
The spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis can occur via the ingestion of sputum that is infected with this pathogen. It can also occur by the haematogenous route. Direct involvement of the serous and contiguous spread are also modes through which it can infect the abdomen.

Causes of abdominal TB
Abdominal tuberculosis is more commonly seen in developing nations, and in people who have become immunocompromised due to other co-morbidities. Those living in areas that have poor sanitation and are overcrowded, are more susceptible to developing this condition.

Symptoms of abdominal TB
The symptoms are usually insidious in onset and progressive in nature. The affected individuals often present with complaints of abdominal pain, along with a history of weight loss. They may also have fever, and some have prominent changes in their bowel habits.

Early symptoms of abdominal TB
A distended abdomen can be observed in people who have abdominal tuberculosis. Some of them experience night sweats, and have anorexic complaints as well. A mass may become palpable in the right lower side of the abdomen, which can point towards the involvement of the large intestine.

Strictures and bowel obstruction
Tubercular strictures and adhesions can also develop, which may lead to intestinal obstruction. In such cases, the person may complain of colicky pain, vomiting, and constipation, along with abdominal distension. While some cases may be managed by anti-tuberculosis therapy, others may need surgical intervention.

How to diagnose abdominal TB
A number of investigations may be needed to diagnose this condition. A complete blood count may show reduced haemoglobin levels, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate may be increased, which indicated the presence of inflammation in the body.

Ascitic fluid and imaging studies
The fluid collected in the abdomen may be collected and sent for testing protein levels, which are often high. An ultrasound, along with a CT-Scan of the abdomen is advised to visualise the enlarged lymph nodes and the thickened bowel. The healthcare professional may also recommend a colonoscopy or a biopsy if required.

How to manage abdominal TB
Abdominal tuberculosis must be differentiated from other conditions like Crohn’s disease and lymphoma. The primary treatment is most often anti-tuberculosis therapy, which must be given according to the guidelines. A healthy, well-balanced diet and the correction of anemia is also advised. (Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis)