10 facts about leukoplakia: Characteristics, risk factors, and management

Definition of Leukoplakia
A white patch in the oral cavity that may not be characterised by any other diseases, clinically or pathologically, is known as leukoplakia. It is a premalignant condition, and has the capability of turning into a cancerous lesion. It is also one of the most common premalignant lesions in the oral cavity. (Image: Canva)

Types and Malignant Potential
This lesion or patch is mostly irreversible, and is adherent to the mucosa. White patches may be homogenous, which have less potential to become malignant, while nodular (with fine nodules over the surface) are more likely to turn into cancerous lesions.(Image: Canva)

High-Risk Features and Common Sites
High-risk potential is seen in types that show more ulcerations, erosions, and are hard and indurated. These lesions are commonly seen in areas like the cheek, tongue, and gums. However, these lesions are often painless and non-tender, and may be ignored by the affected individuals.(Image: Canva)

Age Group and Causes
The age group that leukoplakia is often seen is beyond forty years. There are certain causes that predispose an individual to developing leukoplakia. One of the most crucial causes or influences includes smoking. Continuous use of nicotine worsens this condition.(Image: Canva)

Alcohol and Areca Nut Use
Use of alcohol and chewing of areca nuts can also lead to leukoplakia. High concentrations of spirits can act as chemical irritants, and can affect the proteins in the cells of the oral cavity. It is vital to begin curbing your alcohol and learn to manage the frequency of consumption of alcohol.(Image: Canva)

Role of Spicy Food
Spicy food also has the ability to form such adherent white patches on the oral mucosa. It is prudent to avoid spicy additions to your diet, and opt for foods that do not irritate the oral cavity. Boiled or sautéed vegetables with salt and pepper may be a healthier option.(Image: Canva)

Irritation from Sharp Teeth and Infections
Leukoplakia can also occur because of long-term irritation by a sharp tooth. Not only that, sharp or jagged teeth can also rub against the soft tissues, and predispose one to leukoplakia. Other infections like syphilis have also been reported to cause leukoplakia in susceptible individuals.(Image: Canva)

High-Risk Groups for Malignant Change
People who have a high risk of having their leukoplakia turn into malignancy include the elderly and younger females. If the white patches are present in the floor of the mouth or the tongue, they are also more likely to transform into a malignancy.(Image: Canva)

Stop smoking and Pan chewing
Pan chewing and smoking needs to be completely stopped, and excision of the lesion may also be necessary in certain cases. Skin grafting may be needed in this scenario. Regularly following up with the healthcare provider is necessary, and at times, CO2 laser excision may be carried out.(Image: Canva)

Lifestyle Modifications and Medications
Lifestyle modifications are necessary to deal with leukoplakia, and some medications like isotretinoin and beta-carotene have also been used to deal with leukoplakia. Tocopherol is also recommended by some healthcare professionals. The aid of a psychotherapist may also be sought.(Image: Canva)
Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis