Invasive plants, often lurking unnoticed in their dormant state, can stay dormant for extended periods, sometimes for decades or even centuries, before unleashing rapid and destructive growth, a new study reveals.
Led by the University of California, the research, published in Nature Ecology and Evolution, presents the most extensive analysis to date, encompassing over 5,700 invasive plant species across nine global regions. It underscores the insidious nature of these plants, emphasising how their prolonged dormancy enhances their ability to evade detection, emerging later as formidable threats to ecosystems.
The study highlights alarming findings, with approximately one-third of invasive species exhibiting an average dormancy period of 40 years. The sycamore maple in the UK holds the record with a dormancy period of 320 years, while the common lawn weed Plantago lanceolata, introduced to the US in 1822, poses risks to livestock and indigenous flora. On the other hand, velvetleaf, initially introduced for its fibre potential, can remain dormant for up to 50 years before competing aggressively with vital crops like corn and soybeans for essential resources.
Intentional and accidental introductions contribute to the spread of invasive species, with intentional introductions accounting for about 65% of invasive plants in California alone.
The researchers utilised global herbaria records to compile a comprehensive list of invasive plants across various regions. Analysing trends revealed varying dormancy periods across locations, with climate conditions differing significantly during periods of spread, indicating adaptation or waiting for suitable conditions.
Looking ahead, understanding dormancy periods is crucial for effective pest management and preventing future economic losses. The study also stresses the importance of incorporating dormant phases into pest management strategies, cautioning against overlooking this critical interval.
This study serves as a wake-up call for policymakers, growers, and conservationists, urging vigilance and proactive measures to mitigate the looming threat posed by dormant invasive plant species. By understanding and addressing dormancy periods, we can better manage invasive species and safeguard ecosystems against their destructive impacts.
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