Temple economy both stable and inclusive, unlike industries

But contrary to this Marxist and colonial viewpoint, the temples had been nucleus of economic activities for thousands of years. In a decentralised economic model, local temples played an important role and pilgrimage to these temples were a major driver of the economic activities that lead to creation of significant number of jobs.

These myths related to temples being a drag on the economy need to busted. Sandeep Singh has presented some interesting case studies and data in his seminal work ( Arthavyavastha of Mandir, Temple Economics Vol. I) regarding this.

Quoting a doctoral thesis on ‘Economic analysis of tourism industry in Jammu and Kashmir with special reference to pilgrimage tourism’, Singh brings out some interesting facts.  Approximately one lakh people work in the pilgrimage sector in the union territories of Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh. Around 65% of them work on full time basis and 35% work at least nine months a year. The annual income through pilgrimage economy in context of Amarnath Yatra, Mata Vaishno Devi, Shiv Khori and Hemis Gompa run into thousands of crores.

Singh presents an interesting case study(pp 11, Temple Economics Volume I) that compares industry-based economies and the temple based economies.  To grasp the difference between industrial economics and the mandir-based Arthashastra, let us take an example of Detroit.

‘Rust belt’ and the nature of industrial economics

Detroit being the heart of the American automotive industry, got the name of ‘Motor City’. The state’s automotive industry provided the model for mass production that was adopted later by other industries. But the US Census data of 2011 says Detroit is dying. From 2000 to 2010, Detroit lost of a quarter of its population. In 2010, it was the 18th largest US city, in 2019, it was the 24th.

Why did this happen? The reason is that it became much cheaper to manufacture cars in several Asian cities and the manufacturing hub shifted from Detroit to these cities. There was nothing else apart from the car manufacturing which could keep consumers linked to Detroit, so the exodus leading to slow death of this city. Other cities which were big losers of population are: Cleveland-17%, Cincinnati-10.4%, Pittsburgh-8.6% and Toledo-8.4%. These cities were once known as cities of New Economy, today, they are collectively known as ‘Rust Belt’.

The pattern repeats with every activity

Atlantic City in the US was a renowned resort city. It was known globally for gambling, shopping and fine dining attracting huge number of people. The city also served as an inspiration for the board game Monopoly. Today it is a dying city. In 1930 its population was 66,198 and as per 2010 survey, it is 39,558. It is 9th in the list of America’s 10 dying cities. It is dying because all over the world more and more cities are offering new formats of gambling, shopping, fine dining and a lot more.

Eternal lives of pilgrimage centres

“Compared to this, some of   the oldest cities in the world with continuous habitation are Varanasi, Madurai, Pushkar, Ujjain etc. None are known for their industry but all of them are known for their mandirs.  Arthavyavastha centred around mandirs  have sustained cities for thousands of years,” says Singh.

He further underlines the reason for these two different economic phenomena, “Industrial economics has a finite time period while mandir-based Arthashstra is eternal. Industrial economics is about profitability of an individual or corporate. It is not about well-being of citizens or society. While in case of mandir -based Arthavyvastha (economy), it is about well-being of its devotees, vendors or customers, i.e., everyone in the value chain.”

It may be mentioned here that, several Indian ancient texts such as Suprabhedagama, Vijayagama, Analagama, Prodgitagama  have laid down details of  socio-economic activities that need to be taken up by the temples that help in equitable economic growth benefitting all sections of the society especially the vulnerable ones.

Some these activities,  mentioned in these texts (Temple Management in the Agamas by Deepa Duraiswamy, Notion Press)  include support for single mothers and widows including employment at mandir; creating various endowments to look after disabled, disowned and diseased persons; maintaining hospitals, libraries ; establishing educational institutions at all levels; maintaining cow shelters etc.

In addition, the ancient recorded history, depicted through texts as well as inscriptions across the country has recorded several incidents of the temples playing a lead role in implementing developmental works and public infrastructure such as roads, water bodies, irrigation facilities which strengthened the local economies and gave a spurt to economic activities. Many temples also used to provide unsecured loans to the needy at a nominal interest rate in their area of influence. This is what we call ‘microfinance’ today.

The role of temples as a nucleus of economic activity in a decentralised economic system was destroyed systemically by the British and other European invaders beginning second half of the 18th century. Over a period of next 200 years, this proved to be a major factor behind the ruin of Indian economy.

Conclusion

A revival of the temple economy can create jobs at local level, decentralise the economic activity, take away lot of burden from the governments for providing social and physical infrastructure. This can act as a foundation for a strong agricultural and industrial base that isn’t dependent merely on the government of the day and hence offers greater continuity and stability.

It would also help in checking the migration from rural to urban areas in search of economic opportunities and better social and physical infrastructure. This is a pragmatic solution to India’s economic challenges and probably the most sustainable economic model in the long run for the world’s most populous country.

Arun Anand has authored two books on the RSS. His X handle is @ArunAnandLive. Views are personal, and do not represent the stand of this publication.