On November 8, 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi appeared on national television and said that all Rs 500 and Rs 1,000 banknotes would become invalid at the stroke of midnight. The announcement at 8 pm, aimed at flushing out black money—funds hidden from the taxman—led to nearly 86 percent of the currency in circulation becoming invalid four hours later.
Modi’s decision surprised some economists, who argued that only about 5 percent of back money is stashed in the form of currency. The remainder is in the form of other assets such as real estate and gold, they argued.
On January 2, a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court upheld the Union Government’s demonetisation decision. While four judges on the bench led by Justice Abdul Nazeer delivered the majority opinion upholding demonetisation, Justice B.V. Nagarathna held it unlawful. Also, the Supreme Court observed that the question whether noteban has achieved its objects is not relevant while deciding its legality.
Justice B.R. Gavai, who read out the majority’s judgment said, "It is not relevant whether the objective (of note ban) was achieved or not." Justice Gavai said that the decision making process could not be faulted because the proposal emanated from Central Government. Gavai concluded by saying that the notification does not suffer from any flaws and is not unreasonable.
So, what were the original objectives?
There were three economic objectives that were offered as the rationale behind demonetisation—wiping out black money, eradicating fake currency notes and creating a cashless economy by pushing digital transactions. Among those targets, the biggest one was tackling black money. Black money refers to cash that is not accounted for in the banking system or cash on which tax has not been paid to the state.
Six years after the demonetisation move, has India achieved any of the stated targets? Let us take a look with available data.
Black money hunt—a failure
Did demonetisation achieve the target of ending the killing black money economy? According to Reserve Bank of India (RBI) data, almost the entire chunk of money (more than 99 percent) that was invalidated came back into the banking system. Of the notes worth Rs 15.41 lakh crore that were invalidated, notes worth Rs 15.31 lakh crore returned.
How much black money has been recovered since the note-ban exercise? This is difficult to assess as there are no recent estimates of how much black money was recovered since demonetisation.
But in February 2019, then finance minister Piyush Goyal had told Parliament that Rs 1.3 lakh crore in black money had been recovered through various anti-black money measures, including demonetisation.
In his book I do what I do, former RBI governor Raghuram Rajan disclosed that he never supported the idea of a note ban and felt that the short-term impact of the exercise could outweigh the long-term gains.
Remember, the government had originally expected that at least Rs 3-4 lakh crore in black money would get extinguished outside the banking system due to demonetisation alone. Thus, data suggests that demonetisation was a failure in unearthing black money in the system. Meanwhile, instances of black money seizures continue.
In August this year, the Income-tax department said it detected black income of more than Rs 150 crore after it raided several business groups who run hospitals in Haryana and Delhi-NCR. Similarly, the department detected undisclosed income of more than Rs 250 crore during searches against two business groups involved in silk sarees trade and chit fund in Tamil Nadu. There are several such instances across the country.
Counterfeit notes on the rise
A second objective of the exercise, that of tackling forged banknotes, also seems to have come a cropper. Counterfeit Indian currency notes increased 10.7 percent in the financial year ended March, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) said in its annual report released on May 27 . The central bank detected a 101.93 percent rise in fake notes of Rs 500 denomination, while fake notes of Rs 2,000 increased more than 54 percent.
The RBI report showed that there was an increase of 16.45 and 16.48 percent in counterfeit notes of Rs 10 and Rs 20, respectively in FY22. Fake Rs 200 notes rose 11.7 percent. Counterfeit notes detected in denominations of Rs 50 and Rs 100 declined 28.65 and 16.71 percent, respectively, the report showed. Of those, 6.9 percent were detected at the RBI with the rest 93.1 percent at other banks.
In 2016, the year when demonetisation was launched, 6.32 lakh counterfeit pieces were seized across the country. In the next four years, a total of 18.87 lakh fake notes were seized across the country in various denominations, according to RBI data.
Most fake currency notes seized in the post-demonetisation years were in the Rs 100 denomination—1.7 lakh pieces in 2019-20, 2.2 lakh in 2018-19 and 2.4 lakh pieces in 2017-18. Compared to previous years, there was an increase of 144.6 percent in fake Rs 10 notes, 28.7 percent in Rs 50 notes, 151.2 percent in Rs 200 notes and 37.5 percent in fake notes of Rs 500 [Mahatma Gandhi New Series] denomination, the RBI data showed.
Cash is king
Later, the creation of a cashless economy was pitched as another major target of demonetisation. How has this picked up? Cash has proved that it remains king in the post-note-ban years. As per RBI data, currency with the public increased to Rs30.88 lakh crore as on October 21, 2022, from Rs17.7 lakh crore on November 4, 2016.
At Rs 30.88 lakh crore, currency with the public is 71.84 percent higher than the level for the fortnight ended November 4, 2016.
Digital payments jump, though..
To be sure, digital payments have risen. According to RBI data, transactions through the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) touched a new high of Rs 12.11 lakh crore in October , six months after it crossed the Rs 10-lakh-crore milestone in May. In terms of volumes, UPI has hit a record of 730 crore transactions in October. In September, UPI transactions hit 678 crore in volume terms breaking the Rs 11-lakh-crore mark.
In the financial year 2022, around 71 billion digital payments were recorded across India. This was a significant increase compared to the previous three years. UPI recorded strong gains, both in numbers and in value, since 2015.
So, what is the takeaway here?
The biggest stated goals of demonetisation—eliminating black money, curbing fake currency and creating a cashless economy—are yet to be achieved. People still prefer to deal in cash to a large extent, even though there is an increase in digital transactions, the last largely driven by convenience and the surge in online transactions that was in turn driven by the COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing lockdowns. This perhaps indicates that digital channels would have picked up even without the highly disruptive economic move.
Debates still rage about whether the note ban was a prudent step in the Indian economic context. While there certainly has been a discernible uptick in digital payments, it is doubtful whether the elaborate exercise to unearth black money—the stated and primary goal of demonetisation—was worth it.
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