Fatty liver disease is a condition characterised by the accumulation of fat in the liver cells. This buildup of fat can lead to liver inflammation and damage over time. There are two main types of fatty liver disease:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): This type of fatty liver disease occurs in people who drink little to no alcohol. It is often associated with obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD ranges from simple fatty liver (steatosis) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which involves liver inflammation and can progress to more severe liver damage, including cirrhosis and liver failure, says Felix Healthcare gastroenterologist Navin Sharma.
Alcoholic fatty liver disease: This condition is caused by excessive alcohol consumption and is one of the earliest stages of alcohol related liver disease. Similar to NAFLD, alcoholic fatty liver disease can progress to more severe forms of liver damage if alcohol consumption continues.
Both types of fatty liver disease can lead to serious complications if left untreated, including liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and an increased risk of liver cancer. Fatty liver disease often remains asymptomatic during its early stages, meaning individuals might not realise they have it until it's identified through routine medical examinations, says Sharma. However, as the condition progresses, certain signs and symptoms may manifest.
Here's a breakdown of symptoms that could suggest the presence of fatty liver disease:
Fatigue: Persistent tiredness or fatigue, even after adequate rest, might signal the onset of fatty liver disease, says Sharma. This fatigue can be attributed to the liver's compromised function in metabolising nutrients and producing energy.
Upper right abdominal discomfort: Some individuals with fatty liver disease might experience mild pain or discomfort in the upper right abdomen, where the liver is situated. This discomfort may indicate inflammation or enlargement of the liver.
Abdominal swelling: As fatty liver disease progresses, fluid accumulation in the abdomen can lead to swelling and a sensation of fullness. This condition, known as ascites, is a consequence of impaired liver function in regulating fluid balance.
Jaundice: In advanced stages, the accumulation of bilirubin—a yellow pigment—in the blood can cause the skin and whites of the eyes to take on a yellowish tint. Jaundice is a classic symptom of liver dysfunction, including fatty liver disease.
Loss of appetite: Fatty liver disease may cause a decrease in appetite or feelings of fullness even after consuming small amounts of food. This aversion to eating can result from alterations in metabolism and hormonal imbalances associated with liver dysfunction.
Unexplained weight fluctuations: Changes in weight, particularly unexplained weight loss or gain, could be indicative of fatty liver disease. Metabolic disturbances caused by liver dysfunction may lead to fluctuations in body weight.
Weakness: Generalised weakness or feelings of malaise without an obvious cause could be linked to impaired liver function. The liver's role in processing nutrients and detoxifying the body makes it vital for overall energy levels and well-being.
Cognitive impairment: Declining liver function can impact brain function, leading to symptoms such as confusion, difficulty concentrating, or memory problems. These cognitive changes may result from the accumulation of toxins in the bloodstream due to liver impairment.
Easy bruising: Liver dysfunction can disrupt the body's ability to produce clotting factors, leading to easy bruising or prolonged bleeding. The liver's role in synthesising clotting proteins makes it crucial for maintaining normal blood clotting function.
Increased thirst and urination: Fatty liver disease may be associated with conditions like diabetes or metabolic syndrome, which can cause increased thirst and urination. These symptoms can arise from insulin resistance and disturbances in glucose metabolism associated with fatty liver disease.
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