Mouth cancer, or oral cancer, is primarily caused by a combination of risk factors. Tobacco use (smoking and chewing) and excessive alcohol consumption are the leading causes, significantly increasing cancer risk. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly high-risk strains, also contributes. Other factors include prolonged exposure to the sun (leading to lip cancer), a history of oral lesions or precancerous conditions, poor oral hygiene, and a diet lacking in fruits and vegetables. Genetic predisposition and a weakened immune system can further elevate the risk. Avoiding these risk factors and maintaining regular dental check-ups can help in prevention and early detection.
Early signs of mouth cancer can sometimes be subtle but important to recognise, says Mumbai-based dental surgeon Suhasini Sharma. She also lists eight potential signs to watch for:
Persistent sores or ulcers: Sores or ulcers in the mouth that fail to heal within a few weeks can signal cancer. Unlike minor mouth ulcers, these may be persistent, larger, or change in appearance over time. They often appear as open sores or patches that can be painful or painless, indicating potential abnormal cell growth or malignancy.
White or red patches: White or red patches on the gums, tongue, or inside the mouth, known as leukoplakia or erythroplakia, can be early indicators of mouth cancer. These patches may not scrape off and can vary in size and shape. Persistent patches that do not resolve with time should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
Bleeding: Unexplained bleeding from the mouth or throat, such as blood in saliva or from the gums, could be a sign of mouth cancer. This bleeding may be sporadic or continuous and not linked to any obvious cause like injury or dental issues. Persistent bleeding warrants immediate medical attention to rule out serious conditions.
Painful swelling: Swelling in the mouth or jaw that causes pain or discomfort can indicate cancer. This swelling might present as lumps or bumps and can be accompanied by a sensation of pressure. Painful swelling often suggests that the cancer is affecting surrounding tissues or bones, requiring prompt evaluation.
Loose teeth: Teeth that become loose without clear reasons, like trauma or dental problems, might be a sign of mouth cancer. Loose teeth can indicate that a tumour is affecting the jawbone or surrounding structures. If teeth loosen progressively, it is crucial to seek dental or medical advice to determine the underlying cause.
Also see: Oral hygiene tips for infants, children, teenagers, adults and senior citizens
Difficulty in swallowing: Trouble in swallowing or a sensation of something stuck in the throat can be linked to mouth cancer. This difficulty, known as dysphagia, may be accompanied by pain or discomfort while eating or drinking. Persistent swallowing issues can indicate that a tumour is obstructing or affecting the oesophagus or throat area.
Numbness: Persistent numbness or tingling in the mouth, lips, or surrounding areas can be a sign of mouth cancer. This numbness may affect one side of the mouth or extend to other facial areas. It can occur due to nerve involvement or pressure from a growing tumour and should be assessed by a medical professional.
Changes in speech: Altered speech patterns, such as slurred or muffled speech, may signal mouth cancer. Changes in speech can result from tumours affecting the oral cavity or the muscles and nerves involved in speech. If speech changes are noticeable and persistent, they warrant a thorough examination to identify potential causes.
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