World Lymphoma Awareness Day is celebrated on September 15th and is dedicated to raising awareness about lymphoid cell cancer and understanding the factors contributing to its development.
Lymphoid cells are vital to the body's immune system, warding off infections and foreign invaders. When these cells become cancerous and circulate in the bloodstream, they are referred to as lymphoid leukaemias or lymphomas, which essentially represent blood cancers originating from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
Lymphoma is further categorised into Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and it can exhibit varying growth rates, with some being aggressive (fast-growing) and others more indolent (slow-growing). Understanding these distinctions is crucial for diagnosing and treating these complex diseases.
Symptoms of lymphoma
Lymphoma symptoms can often resemble other diseases, but the most common clinical indication is the development of masses, typically seen as enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Occasionally, such swollen lymph nodes may also manifest in the armpits, abdomen, and groin area. Those with lymphoma may also notice an increase in the spleen and liver size, which can become detectable through touch. Approximately 25-40 percent of patients may encounter fever and unexplained weight loss symptoms. Night sweats, fatigue, and overall weakness can also be present. Additionally, individuals with lymphoma may become more susceptible to infections due to compromised immune system function.
Diagnosing lymphoma
Lymphoma can be diagnosed through a comprehensive physical evaluation and symptom identification. Biopsies are essential for obtaining tissue samples that pathologists examine to confirm the presence of lymphoma-specific cells, such as Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma. A complete blood count and liver and kidney function tests may be conducted as part of the diagnostic process. Complementary to this, computed tomography (CT Scan) and PET scans are critical in detecting cancer-related indicators like lymph node and spleen enlargement.
The risk factors
Age: Adults who are above the age of 60 years are more susceptible to developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, whereas those in the age group of 15 to 40 years have a tendency to develop Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hence, it is necessary for all to get routine medical checkups for diagnosing cancer in its early stages.
Immunocompromised state: People who have undergone an organ transplantation surgery or those who have HIV/AIDS have a weak immune system and are more likely to develop lymphomas. Even those with a congenitally compromised immune system due to several diseases must be cautious and checked regularly.
Previous history: Prior infection with a virus like Epstein-Barr, hepatitis C, or HTLV-1. These viruses can debilitate immunity and render the person defenceless.
Family history and gender: Men are more likely to develop Hodgkin's lymphoma as compared to women. First-degree relatives like brothers and sisters are more susceptible to lymphoid leukaemias.
Lymphoma treatment options
The treatment choices differ based on the specific type of lymphoma and encompass a range of approaches, such as chemotherapy (medication-based therapy), radiation therapy, bone marrow transplantation, and immunotherapy.
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