India-Pakistan Clashes History: From Kashmir to Kargil

India-Pakistan Clashes History: From Kashmir to Kargil

By Archisha Yadav | May 07, 2025

Representational Image / Credits: PTI

On May 7, 2025, India struck nine targets in Pakistan, including Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, in retaliation for the April 22, 2025 Pahalgam attack that killed 26 people. 

Representational Image / Credits: PTI

After India and Pakistan gained independence, they fought over Kashmir. A UN-mediated ceasefire in 1949 established the Line of Control, but tensions over Kashmir remain unresolved.

1947–1948: The First Kashmir War

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In 1965, Pakistan crossed into Indian Kashmir, and India launched a counter-offensive. The war ended in September 1965, after the Tashkent Agreement, but Kashmir remained divided.

1965: The Second War Over Kashmir

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India supported East Pakistan’s independence movement in 1971, leading to the creation of Bangladesh on December 16, 1971, following a brief but intense war with Pakistan.

1971: The Bangladesh Liberation War

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In 1999, Pakistani forces infiltrated Kargil. India fought back, regaining control by July 1999, aided by international diplomatic efforts to de-escalate the conflict.

1999: The Kargil War

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After the September 2016 Uri attack, India conducted surgical strikes on terrorist camps across the Line of Control on September 29, 2016, in retaliation for the attack that killed 19 soldiers.

2016: Surgical Strikes After Uri Attack

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In February 2019, a suicide attack in Pulwama killed 40 Indian CRPF personnel. India struck Balakot in February 2019, followed by an aerial dogfight and the capture of Indian pilot Abhinandan.

2019: Pulwama Attack and Balakot Air Strikes

Representational Image / Credits: PTI

On April 22, 2025, 26 tourists were killed in Pahalgam. India struck nine locations, including terror group HQs, in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir on May 7, 2025, in retaliation.

2025: Pahalgam Attack and India’s Response

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