IFB Industries

a.    Background
 
IFB Industries Limited (“the Company”) is a Listed Public Limited Company having its
registered office in Kolkata. The Company is engaged in the business of manufacturing of fine blanked
components and in manufacturing and trading of home appliances.
 
b.    Statement of compliance
 
These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind ASs)
notified under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013. These financial statements have also been prepared in
accordance with the relevant presentation requirements of the Companies Act, 2013.
 
c.    Basis of preparation
 
The financial statements are prepared in accordance with the historical cost convention, except for
certain items that are measured at fair values at the end of each reporting period, as explained in the
accounting policies.
 
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an
orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is
directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset
or a liability, the Company takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market
participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the
measurement date. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purposes in these financial statements is
determined on such a basis, except for leasing transactions that are within the scope of Ind AS 17 - Leases,
and measurements that have some similarities to fair value but are not fair value, such as net realisable
value in Ind AS 2 - Inventories or value in use in Ind AS 36 - Impairment of Assets.
 
In addition, for financial reporting purposes, fair value measurements are categorised into Level 1, 2 or
3 based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance
of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety, which are described as follows:
 
-   Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
that the Company can access at the measurement date;
 
-   Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included within Level 1, that are observable for
the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and
 
-   Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires management to make judgements,
estimates and assumptions that affect the application of the accounting policies and the reported amounts of
assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial
statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the year. Actual results could differ
from those estimates. The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to
accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects
only that period; they are recognised in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision
affects both current and future periods.
 
All assets and liabilities have been classified as current or non-current as per Company’s normal
operating cycle and other criteria set out in Schedule III to the Companies Act 2013 and Ind AS 1-
Presentation of Financial Statements based on the nature of products and the time between the acquisition of
assets for processing and their realisation in cash and cash equivalents.
 
d.    Revenue recognition
 
Revenue from contract with customers is recognised when the Company satisfies performance obligation by
transferring promised goods and services to the customer. Performance obligations are satisfied at a point of
time or over a period of time. Performance obligations satisfied over a period of time are recognised as per
the terms of relevant contractual agreements/arrangements. Performance obligations are said to be satisfied
at a point of time when the customer obtains controls of the asset.
 
Revenue is measured based on transaction price, which is the fair value of the consideration received or
receivable, stated net of discounts, returns and value added tax. Transaction price is recognised based on
the price specified in the contract, net of the estimated sales incentives/discounts. Accumulated experience
is used to estimate and provide for the discounts/right of return, using the expected value method.
 
Revenue from services rendered over a period of time, such as annual maintenance contracts, are
recognised on straight line basis over the period or as per the terms of the contract.
 
Dividend income from investments is recognised when the shareholder’s right to receive dividend has
been established.
 
Interest income is recognised using the effective interest method.
 
Rental income from operating leases is accounted for on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
 
e. Property, plant and equipment
 
Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost of acquisition or construction less accumulated
depreciation and impairment, if any.
 
Cost is inclusive of inward freight, duties and taxes and incidental expenses related to acquisition. In
respect of major projects involving construction, related pre-operational expenses form part of the value of
assets capitalised. Expenses capitalised also include applicable borrowing costs for qualifying assets, if
any. All upgradation / enhancements are charged off as revenue expenditure unless they bring similar
significant additional benefits.
 
Depreciation on property, plant and equipment has been provided on the straight-line method as per the
useful life prescribed in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013 except in respect of the tools and moulds,
in whose case the life of the assets has been assessed as 5 years based on technical advice, taking into
account the nature of the asset, the estimated usage of the asset, the operating conditions of the asset,
past history of replacement, anticipated technological changes, manufacturers warranties and maintenance
support, etc.
 
Land is not depreciated.
 
The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at the end of each
reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis.
 
The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment of the Company are as follows:
 
An item of property, plant and equipment is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic
benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on the disposal
or retirement of an item of property, plant and equipment is determined as the difference between the sales
proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and is recognised in the standalone statement of profit and
Loss.
 
f.    Investment property
 
Investment property are properties held to earn rentals and/or for capital appreciation (including
property under construction for such purposes). Investment properties are measured initially at cost,
including transaction costs. Subsequent to initial recognition, investment properties are measured in
accordance with Ind AS 16 - Property, Plant and Equipment requirement for cost model, other than those that
meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale (or are included in a disposal group that is classified
as held for sale) in accordance with Ind AS 105 -Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued
Operations.
 
An investment property is derecognised upon disposal or when the investment property is permanently
withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from the disposal. Any gain or loss arising
on de-recognition of the property (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the
carrying amount of the asset) is included in standalone statement of profit and loss in the period in which
the property is derecognised.
 
g.    Intangible assets
 
Intangible assets that the Company acquires separately and from which it expects future economic benefits
are capitalised upon acquisition and measured initially at cost comprising the purchase price (including
import duties and non-refundable taxes) and directly attributable costs to prepare the asset for its intended
use.
 
Internally generated assets for which the cost is clearly identifiable are capitalised at cost. All
directly attributable expenditure incurred to prepare the asset for its intended use are recognised as the
cost of such assets.
 
Research expenditure is recognised as an expense when it is incurred. Development costs are capitalised
only after the technical and commercial feasibility of the asset for sale or use has been established. All
directly attributable expenditure incurred to prepare the asset for its intended use are recognised as the
cost of such assets.
 
Internally generated brands, websites and customer lists are not recognised as intangible assets.
 
The useful life of an intangible asset is considered finite where the rights to such assets are limited
to a specified period of time by contract or law (e.g., patents, licences, trademarks, franchise and
servicing rights) or the likelihood of technical, technological obsolescence (e.g., computer software,
design, prototypes) or commercial obsolescence (e.g., lesser known brands are those to which adequate
marketing support may not be provided). If, there are no such limitations, the useful life is taken to be
indefinite.
 
Intangible assets that have finite lives are amortised over their estimated useful lives by the
straight-line method unless it is practical to reliably determine the pattern of benefits arising from the
asset. An intangible asset with an indefinite useful life is not amortised.
 
The estimated useful lives of intangible assets of the Company are as follows:
 
All intangible assets are tested for impairment. Amortisation expenses and impairment losses and reversal
of impairment losses are taken to the Standalone statement of profit and Loss. Thus, after initial
recognition, an intangible asset is carried at its cost less accumulated amortisation and / or impairment
losses.
 
The useful lives of intangible assets are reviewed annually to determine if a reset of such useful life
is required for assets with finite lives and to confirm that business circumstances continue to support an
indefinite useful life assessment for assets so classified. Based on such review, the useful life may change
or the useful life assessment may change from indefinite to finite. The impact of such changes is accounted
for as a change in accounting estimate.
 
h.    Impairment of tangible and intangible assets
 
At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible and
intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment
loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine
the extent of the impairment loss (if any). When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an
individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit (CGU) to which the
asset belongs.
 
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested
for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.
 
Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. In assessing
value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount
rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset
for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted.
 
If the recoverable amount of an asset (or CGU) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the
carrying amount of the asset (or CGU) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised
immediately in the standalone statement of profit and loss.
 
When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or a CGU) is increased
to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed
the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or
CGU) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in standalone statement of
profit and loss.
 
i.    Borrowing costs
 
Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying
assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended
use or sale, are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for
their intended use or sale.
 
Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on
qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation.
 
All other borrowing costs are recognised in the standalone statement of profit and loss in the period in
which they are incurred.
 
j. Foreign currency transactions
 
The functional and presentation currency of the Company is Indian Rupee.
 
Foreign currency transactions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing on the date of the respective
transactions. Gains / losses arising on foreign currency transactions settled during the year are recognised
in the standalone statement of profit and loss.
 
Exchange differences arising on translation of monetary items are recognised in the standalone statement
of profit and loss.
 
Exchange differences arising on monetary items that, in substance, form part of the Company’s net
investment in a foreign operation (having a functional currency other than Indian Rupee) are accumulated in
foreign currency translation reserve.
 
Non-monetary items denominated in foreign currency are carried at cost. k. Derivatives
 
The Company enters into derivative financial instruments, primarily foreign exchange forward contracts,
to manage its exposure to foreign exchange risks.
 
Derivatives are initially recognised at fair value and are subsequently re-measured to their fair value
at the end of each reporting period. The resulting gains / losses is recognised in the standalone statement
of profit and loss.
 
l. Investment in subsidiaries
 
Investment in subsidiaries are carried at cost less accumulated impairment, if any.
 
m. Inventories
 
Inventories are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Costs of inventories are determined
using weighted average method. Cost comprises expenditure incurred in the normal course of business in
bringing such inventories to its present location and condition and includes, where applicable, appropriate
overheads based on normal level of activity. Net realisable value represents the estimated selling price for
inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale.
 
Obsolete, slow moving and defective inventories are identified from time to time and, where necessary, a
provision is made for such inventories.
 
n. Employee benefits
 
Retirement benefit costs
 
Contribution payable for provident fund and superannuation fund, which are defined contribution schemes
are recognised as an employee benefit expense in the standalone statement of profit and loss.
 
For retirement benefit - defined benefit plani.e.gratuity, other long-term employee benefits i.e., leave
encashment and sick leave, the cost of providing benefits is determined using the projected unit credit
method, with actuarial valuations being carried out at the end of each annual reporting period.
 
Re-measurement, comprising actuarial gains and losses and the return on plan assets (excluding net
interest), is reflected immediately in the balance sheet with a charge or credit in other comprehensive
income for gratuity and standalone statement of profit and loss for leave encashment and sick leave in the
period in which they occur.
 
Re-measurement recognised in other comprehensive income is reflected immediately in retained earnings and
is not reclassified to profit and loss. Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate at the
beginning of the period to the net defined benefit liability or asset. Defined benefit costs are categorised
as follows:
 
-   service cost (including current service cost, past service cost, as well as gains and losses on
curtailments and settlements);
 
-   net interest expense or income; and
 
-   re-measurement
 
The Company presents the first two components of defined benefit costs in profit and loss in the line
item ‘Employee benefits expense’.
 
The retirement benefit obligation recognised in the balance sheet represents the actual deficit or
surplus in the Company’s defined benefit plans. Any surplus resulting from this calculation is limited
to the present value of any economic benefits available in the form of reductions in future contributions to
the plans.
 
Short-term employee benefits
 
A liability is recognised for benefits accruing to employees in respect of wages and salaries.
 
Liabilities recognised in respect of short-term employee benefits are measured at the undiscounted amount
of the benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the related service.
 
o. Taxation
 
Tax expenses comprises current and deferred tax.
 
Current tax
 
Current tax is measured at the amount expected to be paid to tax authorities in accordance with the
Income Tax Act, 1961. The Company’s current tax is calculated using tax rates and tax laws that have
been enacted during the period, together with any adjustment to tax payable in respect of previous years.
Current tax assets and tax liabilities are offset where the entity has a legally enforceable right to offset
and intends either to settle on net basis, or to realise the asset and settle the liability
simultaneously.
 
Deferred tax
 
Deferred tax is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and
liabilities in the financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in the computation of taxable
profit. Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences. Deferred tax
assets are generally recognised for all deductible temporary differences to the extent that it is probable
that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilised.
Such deferred tax assets and liabilities are not recognised if the temporary difference arises from the
initial recognition of assets and liabilities in a transaction that affects neither the taxable profit nor
the accounting profit.
 
The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to
the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or
part of the asset to be recovered.
 
Deferred tax liabilities and assets are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the
period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates and tax laws that have
been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period.
 
Income tax, in so far as it relates to items disclosed under other comprehensive income or equity, are
disclosed separately under other comprehensive income or equity, as applicable.
 
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is legally enforceable right to offset current
tax assets and liabilities and when the deferred tax balances related to the same taxation authority.
 
Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) credit entitlement is recognised only to the extent there is convincing
evidence that the Company will pay normal tax during the period specified by the Income Tax Act, 1961. In the
year in which the MAT credit becomes eligible to be recognised as an asset,the said asset is created by way of
credit to the standalone statement of profit and loss. The Company reviews the same at each balance sheet date
and writes down the carrying amount of MAT credit entitlement to the extent there is no longer convincing
evidence to the effect that the Company will pay normal income tax during the specified period.
 
p. Government grants
 
Government grants are recognised when there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and
the Company will comply with the conditions attached to the grant. Accordingly, government grants:
 
a)    related to or used for assets are included in the Balance Sheet as deferred income and recognised
as income over the useful life of the assets.
 
b)    related to incurring specific expenditures are taken to the standalone statement of profit and loss
on the same basis and in the same periods as the expenditures incurred.
 
c)    by way of financial assistance on the basis of certain qualifying criteria are recognised as they
become receivable.
 
q. Warranties
 
Warranty costs are estimated by the Management on the basis of a technical evaluation and based on
specific warranties, claims and claim history. Provision is made for estimated liability in respect of
warranty cost in the year of sale of goods. Warranty provisions are measured at discounted amounts. The
Company discounts its provision for warranty to present value at reporting dates. Consequently, the unwinding
of discount is recognised in the standalone statement of profit and loss.
 
Provision for warranty is expected to be utilised over a period of one to five years.
 
r. Provisions and contingent liabilities
 
The Company recognises a provision when there is a present obligation as a result of an obligating event
that probably requires outflow of resources and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the
obligation. When some or all of the economic benefits required to settle a provision are expected to be
recovered from a third party, a receivable is recognised as an asset if it is virtually certain that
reimbursement will be received and the amount of the receivable can be measured reliably. When a provision is
measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, its carrying amount is the present
value of those cash flows (when the effect of the time value of money is material).
 
A disclosure of a contingent liability is made when there is a possible obligation or a present
obligation that may, but probably will not, require an outflow of resources. When there is a possible
obligation or a present obligation and the likelihood of outflow of resources is remote, no provision or
disclosure of contingent liability is made.
 
s. Leasing
 
Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the
risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases.
 
Company as lessor
 
Leases in which the Company does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of an
asset are classified as operating leases. Where the Company is a lessor under an operating lease, the asset
is capitalised within property, plant and equipment and depreciated over its useful economic life. Payments
received under operating leases are recognised in the standalone statement of profit and loss on a
straight-line basis over the term of the lease unless the rentals are structured solely to increase in line
with expected general inflation to compensate for the Company’s expected inflationary cost increases,
such increases are recognised in the year in which such benefits accrue.
 
Company as lessee
 
Assets used under finance leases are recognised as property, plant and equipment in the Balance Sheet for
an amount that corresponds to the lower of fair value and the present value of minimum lease payments
determined at the inception of the lease and a liability is recognised for an equivalent amount.
 
The minimum lease payments are apportioned between finance charges and reduction of the lease liability
so as to achieve a constant rate of interest on the remaining balance of the liability. Finance charges are
recognised in the standalone statement of profit and loss.
 
Rentals payable under operating leases are charged to the standalone statement of profit and loss on a
straight-line basis over the term of the relevant lease unless the rentals are structured solely to increase
in line with expected general inflation to compensate for the lessor’s expected inflationary cost
increases, such increases are recognised in the year in which such benefits accrue. Contingent rentals
arising under operating leases are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are incurred.
 
In the event that lease incentives are received to enter into operating leases, such incentives are
recognised as a liability. The aggregate benefit of incentives is recognised as a reduction of rental expense
on a straight-line basis, except where another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in
which economic benefits from the leased asset are consumed.
 
t. Operating segments
 
Operating segments are reported in a manner consistent with the internal reporting provided to the chief
operating decision-maker (CODM). The CODM, who is responsible for allocating resources and assessing
performance of the operating segments, has been identified as the Board of Directors.
 
Segments are organised based on business which have similar economic characteristics as well as exhibit
similarities in nature of products and services offered, the nature of production processes, the type and
class of customer and distribution methods.
 
Segment revenue arising from third party customers is reported on the same basis as revenue in the
financial statements. Inter-segment revenue is reported on the basis of transactions which are primarily
market led. Segment results represent profits before finance charges, unallocated expenses and taxes.
 
“Unallocated Expenses” represents revenue and expenses attributable to the enterprise as a
whole and are not attributable to segments.
 
u. Financial instruments
 
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial
liability or equity instrument of another entity. Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised
when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments. Financial assets and
financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value.
 
Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and
financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through standalone
statement of profit and loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or
financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the
acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss are recognised
immediately in profit and loss.
 
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is included in the balance sheet where
there is a legally enforceable right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on
a net basis or realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.
 
v. Financial assets
 
All regular way purchases or sales of financial assets are recognised and derecognised on a trade date
basis. Regular way purchases or sales are purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of
assets within the time frame established by regulation or convention in the marketplace.
 
All recognised financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety at either amortised cost or
fair value, depending on the classification of the financial assets.
 
Recognition
 
Financial assets include investments, trade receivables, derivative instruments, cash and cash
equivalents, other bank balances, loans and other financial assets. Such assets are initially recognised at
transaction price when the Company becomes party to contractual obligations. The transaction price includes
transaction costs unless the asset is being fair valued through the standalone statement of profit and
loss.
 
Classification
 
Management determines the classification of an asset at initial recognition depending on the purpose for
which the assets were acquired. The subsequent measurement of financial assets depends on such
classification.
 
Financial assets are classified as those measured at:
 
(a)    Amortised cost, where the financial assets are held solely for collection of cash flows arising
from payments of principal and / or interest.
 
(b)    Fair value through other comprehensive income, where the financial assets are held not only for
collection of cash flows arising from payments of principal and interest but also from the sale of such
assets. Such assets are subsequently measured at fair value, with unrealised gains and losses arising from
changes in the fair value being recognised in other comprehensive income.
 
(c)    Fair value through statement of profit and loss, where the assets are managed in accordance with
an approved investment strategy that triggers purchase and sale decisions based on their fair value of such
assets. Such assets are subsequently measured at fair value, with unrealised gains and losses arising from
changes in the fair value being recognised in the standalone statement of profit and loss in the period in
which they arise.
 
Trade receivables, cash and cash equivalents, other bank balances, loans and other financial assets are
classified for measurement at amortised cost. Derivative instruments are measured at fair value through
statement of profit and loss while investments may fall under any of the aforesaid classes. However, in
respect of particular investments in equity instruments that would otherwise be measured at fair value
through profit and loss, an irrevocable election at initial recognition may be made to present subsequent
changes in fair value through other comprehensive income.
 
Financial assets at amortised cost are subsequently measured at amortised cost using effective interest
method. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of an instrument and of
allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly
discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an
integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the
expected life of the debt instrument, or, where appropriate, a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on
initial recognition.
 
Impairment
 
At each reporting date a financial asset such as investment, trade receivable, loans and other financial
assets held at amortised cost and financial assets that are measured at fair value through other
comprehensive income are tested for impairment based on evidence or information that is available without
undue cost or effort. Expected credit loss is assessed and loss allowance is recognised if the credit quality
of that financial asset has deteriorated significantly since initial recognition.
 
Loss allowances for financial assets measured at amortised cost are deducted from the gross carrying
amount of the assets. For debt securities at fair value through other comprehensive income, the loss
allowance is recognised in other comprehensive income and is not reduced from the carrying amount of the
financial asset in the balance sheet.
 
The gross carrying amount of a financial asset is written off (either partially or in full) to the extent
that there is no realistic prospect of recovery. This is generally the case when the Company determines that
the trade receivable does not have assets or sources of income that could generate sufficient cash flows to
repay the amounts subject to the write-off. However, financial assets that are written off could still be
subject to enforcement activities under the Company’s recovery procedures, taking into account legal
advice where appropriate. Any recoveries made are recognised in standalone statement of profit and loss.
 
Reclassification
 
When and only when the business model is changed the Company shall reclassify all affected financial
assets prospectively from the reclassification date as subsequently measured at amortised cost, fair value
through other comprehensive income, fair value through standalone statement of profit and loss without
restating the previously recognised gains, losses or interest and in terms of the reclassification principles
laid down in the Ind AS relating to Financial instruments.
 
De-recognition
 
Financial assets are derecognised when the right to receive cash flows from the assets has expired, or
has been transferred, and the Company has transferred substantially all of the risks and rewards of
ownership. Consequently, if the asset is one that is measured at
 
(a)    Amortised cost, the gain or loss is recognised in the standalone statement of profit and loss.
 
(b)    Fair value through other comprehensive income, the cumulative fair value adjustments previously
taken to reserves are reclassified to the standalone statement of profit and loss unless the asset represents
an equity investment in which case the cumulative fair value adjustments previously taken to reserves is
reclassified within equity.
 
w. Financial liabilities and equity instruments
 
Classification:
 
Debt and equity instruments issued by the Company are classified as either financial liabilities or as
equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial
liability and an equity instrument.
 
Equity instruments
 
An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after
deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by a company are recognised at the proceeds
received.
 
Financial liabilities
 
Borrowings, trade payables and other financial liabilities are initially recognised at the value of the
respective contractual obligations. They are subsequently measured at amortised cost. Any discount or premium
on redemption / settlement is recognised in the standalone statement of profit and loss as finance cost over
the life of the liability using the effective interest method and adjusted to the liability figure disclosed
in the balance sheet.
 
Financial liabilities are derecognised when the liability is extinguished, that is, when the contractual
obligation is discharged, cancelled and on expiry.
 
x. Earning per share
 
Basic earnings per share are calculated by dividing the profit and loss for the year attributable to
shareholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year. For the purpose of
calculating diluted earnings per share, the profit and loss for the year attributable to shareholders and
weighted average number of shares outstanding during the year is adjusted for the effects of all dilutive
potential shares.
 
y. Business Combinations
 
Acquisitions of businesses are accounted for using the acquisition method. The consideration transferred
in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date
fair values of the assets transferred by the Company, liabilities incurred by the Company to the former
owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Company in exchange of control of the acquiree.
Acquisition-related costs are generally recognised in statement of profit and loss as incurred.
 
At the acquisition date, the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed are recognised at
their fair value. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the consideration transferred over the net of the
acquisition-date amounts of the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed.
 
z. Goodwill
 
Goodwill arising on an acquisition of a business is carried at cost as established at the date of
acquisition of the business less accumulated impairment losses, if any.
 
For the purposes of impairment testing, goodwill is allocated to each of the Company’s
cash-generating units (or groups of cash-generating units) that is expected to benefit from the synergies of
the combination. A cash-generating unit to which goodwill has been allocated is tested for impairment
annually, or more frequently when there is an indication that the unit may be impaired. If the recoverable
amount of the cash-generating unit is less than its carrying amount, the impairment loss is allocated first
to reduce the carrying amount of any goodwill allocated to the unit and then to the other assets of the unit
pro-rata based on the carrying amount of each asset in the unit. Any impairment loss for goodwill is
recognised directly in statement of profit and loss . An impairment loss recognised for goodwill is not
reversed in subsequent periods. On disposal of the relevant cash-generating unit, the attributable amount of
goodwill is included in the determination of the profit or loss on disposal.
 
2A. USE OF ESTIMATES AND JUDGEMENTS :
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles
requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and
liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the results
of operations during the reporting period end. Although these estimates are based upon management’s
best knowledge of current events and actions, actual results could differ from these estimates.
 
The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting
estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that
period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future
periods.
 
In particular, information about the significant areas of estimation, uncertainty and critical judgements
in applying accounting policies that have the most significant effect on the amounts recognised in the
financial statements are related to:
 
(i)    Useful life of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets
 
(ii)    Provision for product warranties
 
(iii)    Provision for employee benefits
 
(iv)    Fair value of financial assets / liabilities
 
(v)    Provisions and contingent liabilities
 
Useful life of property, plant and equipment and intangible
assets
 
As described in the significant accounting policies, the Company reviews the estimated useful lives of
property, plant and equipment and intangible assets at the end of each reporting period. The Company is
required to determine whether its intangible assets have indefinite or finite life which is a subject matter
of judgement.
 
Provision for product warranties
 
Provision is estimated in respect of warranty cost in the year of sale of goods and it represents the
present value of the management’s best estimate of the future outflow of economic benefit that will be
required under the company’s obligation for warranties. It is estimated by the management on the basis
of a technical evaluation and based on specific warranties, claims and claim history.
 
The determination of provision for product warranties takes into account assumptions which is a subject
matter of judgement.
 
Provision for employee benefits
 
The determination of Company’s liability towards defined benefit obligation and other long-term
employee benefits to employees is made through independent actuarial valuation including determination of
amounts to be recognised in the standalone statement of profit and loss and in other comprehensive income.
Such valuation depends upon assumptions determined after taking into account inflation, seniority, promotion
and other relevant factors such as supply and demand factors in the employment market. Information about such
valuation is provided in notes to accounts.
 
Fair value measurements and valuation processes
 
Some of the Company’s assets and liabilities are measured at fair value for financial reporting
purposes. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company uses market-observable data to
the extent it is available. Where Level 1 inputs are not available, the Company engages third party qualified
valuers to perform the valuation, if required.
 
Provisions and contingent liabilities
 
The Company has ongoing litigations with various regulatory authorities and third parties. Where an
outflow of funds is believed to be probable and a reliable estimate of the outcome of the dispute can be made
based on management’s assessment of specific circumstances of each dispute and relevant external advice,
management provides for its best estimate of the liability. Such accruals are by nature complex and can take
number of years to resolve and can involve estimation uncertainty.
 
2B. RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS :
 
Ind AS 116 - Leases
 
On 30 March 2019, Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) has notified Ind AS 116 Leases. Ind AS 116 will
replace the existing Standard i.e., Ind AS - 17 Leases and related interpretations.
 
Ind AS 116 requires a lessee to recognise assets and liabilities for all leases with a term of more than
twelve months, unless the underlying asset is of low value. It also contains enhanced disclosure requirements
for lessees.The effective date of adoption of Ind AS 116 is annual periods beginning on or after 1 April,
2019.The Company is currently evaluating the effect this standard on the standalone financial statements.
 
Ind AS 12-Income Taxes
 
On 30 March 2019, Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) issued amendments to the guidance in Ind AS 12 in
connection with accounting for dividend distribution taxes.
 
The amendment clarifies that an entity shall recognise the income tax consequences of dividend in profit
or loss, OCI or equity according to where the entity originally recognises those past transactions or
events.The effective date for application of this amendment is annual periods beginning on or after 1 April,
2019.The Company is currently evaluating the effect this standard on the standalone financial statements.
 
Ind AS 19 - Employee Benefits
 
On 30 March 2019, Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) issued amendments to the Ind AS 19 - Employee
Benefits in connection with accounting for plan amendments, curtailments and settlements.
 
The amendment require an entity to use updated assumptions to determine current service costs and net
interest for the remainder of the period after a plan amendment, curtailment or settlement and to recognise
in the profit or loss as part of past service cost or gain or loss on settlement, any reduction in a surplus,
even if that surplus was not previously recognised because of impact of the asset ceiling. The effective date
for application of this amendment is annual periods beginning on or after 1 April, 2019. The Company does not
have an impact on account of this amendment.