(i) Basis of preparation
The financial statements are prepared under the historical cost
convention on the accrual basis, in accordance with the Indian
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and mandatory
accounting standards as prescribed in the Companies (Accounting
Standard) Rules, 2006, the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 and
guidelines issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India
(SEBI). Accounting policies have been consistently applied except
where a newly issued accounting standard, if initially adopted or a
revision to an existing accounting standard requires a change in the
accounting policy hitherto in use. Management evaluates all recently
issued or revised accounting standards on an ongoing basis.
(ii) use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP
requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the
reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent
assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the
reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period.
Examples of such estimates include estimates of expected contract costs
to be incurred to complete contracts, provision for doubtful debts,
future obligations under employee retirement benefit plans and
estimated useful life of fixed assets. Actual results could differ from
these estimates. Any changes in estimates are adjusted prospectively.
(iii) Revenue recognition
Revenue from software development services comprises income from time
and material and fixed price contracts. Revenue from time and material
contracts is recognised as the services are rendered. Revenue from
fixed price contracts and sale of license and related customisation and
implementation is recognised in accordance with the percentage
completion method calculated based on output method. Provision for
estimated losses, if any, on uncompleted contracts are recorded in the
year in which such losses become certain based on the current
estimates.
Revenue from annual technical service contracts is recognised on a pro
rata basis over the period in which such services are rendered.
Service income accrued but not due represents revenue recognised on
contracts to be billed in the subsequent period, in accordance with
terms of the contract.
Profit on sale of investments is recorded on transfer of title from the
Company and is determined as the difference between the sales price and
the then carrying value of the investment. Interest on deployment of
surplus funds is recognised using the time-proportion method, based on
interest rates implicit in the transaction. Dividend income is
recognised when the right to receive the same is established.
(iv) expenditure
The cost of software purchased for use in software development and
services is charged to cost of revenues in the year of acquisition.
Expenses are accounted for on accrual basis and provisions are made for
all known losses and liabilities.
(v) Fixed assets and capital work in progress
Fixed assets are stated at the cost of acquisition including incidental
costs related to acquisition and installation. Fixed assets under
construction, advances paid towards acquisition of fixed assets and
cost of assets not put to use before the year end, are disclosed as
capital work-in-progress.
(vi) Depreciation
Depreciation on fixed assets, except leasehold land and leasehold
improvements, is provided on the straight-line method based on useful
lives of respective assets as estimated by the management. Leasehold
land is amortised over the period of lease. The leasehold improvements
are amortised over the remaining period of lease or the useful lives of
assets, whichever is shorter. Depreciation is charged on a pro-rata
basis for assets purchased / sold during the year. Assets costing less
than Rs. 5,000 are fully depreciated in the year of purchase.
(vii) Investments
Investments are classified into long term and current investments based
on the intent of management at the time of acquisition. Long-term
investments including investment in subsidiaries are stated at cost and
provision is made to recognise any decline, other than temporary, in
the value of such investments. Current investments are stated at the
lower of cost and the fair value.
(viii) Research and development
Revenue expenditure incurred on research and development is expensed as
incurred. Capital expenditure incurred on research and development is
capitalised as fixed assets and depreciated in accordance with the
depreciation policy of the Company.
(ix) Foreign exchange transactions
Foreign exchange transactions are recorded at the exchange rates
prevailing at the date of transaction. Realised gains and losses on
foreign exchange transactions during the year are recognised in the
Profit and Loss Account. Monetary assets and monetary liabilities that
are determined in foreign currency are translated at the exchange rate
prevalent at the date of balance sheet. The resulting difference is
recorded in the Profit and Loss Account.
The Company uses foreign exchange forward contracts and options to
hedge its exposure for movement in foreign exchange rates. The use of
these foreign exchange forward contracts and options reduces the risk
or cost to the Company and the Company does not use the foreign
exchange forward contracts or options for trading or speculation
purposes.
The Company follows Accounting Standard (AS) 30 – Financial
Instruments: Recognition and Measurement to the extent that the
adoption does not conflict with existing mandatory accounting standards
and other authoritative pronouncements, Company law and other
regulatory requirements.
The Company follows hedge accounting in accordance with principles set
out in AS 30. The Company records the gain or loss on effective hedges
in the hedging reserve until the transactions are complete. On
completion, the gain or loss is transferred to the Profit and Loss
Account of that period. To designate a forward contract or option as
an effective hedge, management objectively evaluates and evidences with
appropriate supporting documents at the inception of each contract
whether the contract is effective in achieving offsetting cash flows
attributable to the hedged risk. In the absence of a designation as
effective hedge, a gain or loss is recognized in the Profit and Loss
Account. (Refer Note 4)
(x) employee stock option based compensation
The excess of market price of underlying equity shares as of the date
of the grant of options over the exercise price of the options given to
employees under the employee stock option plan is recognised as
deferred stock compensation cost and is amortised on graded vesting
basis over the vesting period of the options.
(xi) employee benefits
Short-term employee benefits
All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering
the service are classified as short-term employee benefits. Benefits
such as salaries, wages, and bonus etc. are recognised in the Profit
and Loss Account in the period in which the employee renders the
related service.
Long-term employee benefits
Defined contribution plans
The Company deposits the contributions for provident fund to the
appropriate government authorities and these contributions are
recognised in the Profit and Loss Account in the financial year to
which they relate.
Defined benefit plans
Gratuity
The Companys gratuity plan is a defined benefit plan. The present
value of gratuity obligation under such defined benefit plan is
determined based on an actuarial valuation carried out by an
independent actuary using the Projected Unit Credit Method, which
recognises each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of
employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build
up the final obligation. The obligation is measured at the present
value of the estimated future cash flows. The discount rate used for
determining the present value of the obligation under defined benefit
plans, is based on the market yields on Government securities as at the
valuation date having maturity periods approximating to the terms of
related obligations. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised
immediately in the Profit and Loss Account.
Other employee benefits
Benefits under the Companys leave encashment scheme constitute other
employee benefits. The liability in respect of leave encashment is
provided on the basis of an actuarial valuation done by an independent
actuary at the year end. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized
immediately in the Profit and Loss Account.
(xii) Operating leases
Lease payments under operating lease are recognised as an expense in
the profit and loss account on a straight-line basis over the lease
term.
(xiii) earnings per share
Basic earning per share is computed using the weighted average number
of equity shares outstanding during the year. Diluted earning per
share is computed using the weighted average number of equity and
dilutive equity equivalent shares outstanding during the year-end,
except where the results would be anti-dilutive.
(xiv) Taxation
Income taxes are computed using the tax effect accounting method, where
taxes are accrued in the same period the related revenue and expenses
arise. A provision is made for income tax annually based on the tax
liability computed after considering tax allowances and exemptions.
Provisions are recorded when it is estimated that a liability due to
disallowance or other matters is probable. Minimum Alternate Tax
(MAT) paid in accordance to the tax laws, which gives rise to future
economic benefits in the form of adjustment of future income tax
liability, is considered as an asset if there is convincing evidence
that the Company will pay normal tax after the tax holiday period.
Accordingly, it is recognised as an asset in the Balance Sheet when it
is probable that the future economic benefit associated with it will
flow to the Company and the asset can be measured reliably.
The differences that result between the profit considered for income
taxes and the profit as per the financial statements are identified and
thereafter a deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability is recorded
for timing differences, namely the differences that originate in one
accounting period and reverse in another, based on the tax effect of
the aggregate amount being considered. The tax effect is calculated on
the accumulated timing differences at the end of an accounting period
based on prevailing enacted or substantially enacted regulations. Where
there are unabsorbed depreciation or carry forward losses, deferred tax
assets are recognised only to the extent there is virtual certainty of
realisation of such assets. In other situations, deferred tax assets
are recognised only to the extent there is reasonable certainty of
realisation in future. Such assets are reviewed at each Balance Sheet
date and written down or written up to reflect the amount that is
reasonably/virtually certain (as the case may be) to be realized.
Deferred tax assets or liabilities arising due to timing differences,
originating during the tax holiday period and reversing after the tax
holiday period are recognised in the period in which the timing
difference originate.
(xv) Impairment
Management periodically assesses using external and internal sources
whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired.
Impairment occurs where the carrying value exceeds the present value of
future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of the
asset and its eventual disposal. The impairment loss to be expensed is
determined as the excess of the carrying amount over the higher of the
assets net sales price or present value as determined above. An
impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the assets carrying
amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been
determined net of depreciation or amortization, if no impairment loss
had been recognized.
(xvi) Contingencies
The Company recognises a provision when there is a present obligation
as a result of a past event and it is probable that it would involve an
outflow of resources and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount
of such obligation. Such provisions are not discounted to their present
value and are determined based on the managements estimation of the
obligation required to settle the obligation at the balance sheet date.
These are reviewed at each balance sheet date and adjusted to reflect
managements current estimates.
A disclosure for a contingent liability is made where it is more likely
than not that a present obligation or possible obligation may result in
or involve an outflow of resources. When no present or possible
obligation exists and the possibility of an outflow of resources is
remote, no disclosure is made.
As at 31 March 2011, the Company has recorded marked to market gain of
Rs.14,565,858 (Rs.11,064,760) relating to forward contracts that are
designated as effective cash flow hedges with a corresponding credit to
hedging reserves. Further as at 31 March 2011, the Company has recorded
marked to market loss of Rs. Nil (Rs.862,227) relating to foreign
currency option which do not qualify for hedging in the profit and loss
account.
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