1.1 Basis of preparation of financial statements
The financial statements have been prepared and presented under the
historical cost convention, on the accrual basis of accounting and in
accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 (''the Act'')
and the accounting principles generally accepted in India and comply
with the accounting standards prescribed in the Companies (Accounting
Standards) Rules, 2006 issued by the Central Government, in
consultation with the National Advisory Committee on Accounting
Standards, to the extent applicable.
2.2 Use of estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally
accepted accounting principles (''GAAP'') in India requires management to
make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amount of
assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and disclosure of contingent
liabilities on the date of the financial statements. The estimates and
assumptions used in the accompanying financial statements are based
upon management''s evaluation of the relevant facts and circumstances as
of the date of financial statements which in management''s opinion are
prudent and reasonable. Actual results may differ from the estimates
used in preparing the accompanying financial statements. Any revision
to accounting estimates is recognised prospectively in current and
future periods.
2.3 Revenue recognition
Revenue is recognised when the property and all significant risks and
rewards of ownership are transferred to the buyer and no significant
uncertainty exists regarding the amount of consideration that is
derived from the sale of goods. Sales are accounted net of excise duty,
sales tax and trade discounts, if any.
Interest income is recognized using the time proportion method, based
on the underlying interest rates.
Dividend income is recognized when the right to receive dividend is
established.
2.4 Fixed assets and depreciation/amortisation
(a) Tangible assets
Tangible assets are carried at cost of acquisition or construction less
accumulated depreciation and impairment loss, if any. Cost includes
inward freight, duties, taxes (to the extent not recoverable from tax
authorities) and expenses incidental to acquisition and installation of
the fixed assets up to the time the assets are ready for intended use.
Capital work-in-progress comprises of advances paid to acquire fixed
assets and the cost of fixed assets that are not yet ready for their
intended use at the balance sheet date.
Depreciation on fixed assets, except leasehold land, is provided under
the straight-line method at the rates prescribed in Schedule XIV to the
Act, which in the opinion of management reflects the economic useful
lives of assets. Depreciation on sale of assets is provided up to the
date of sale of the asset.
Assets costing up to Rupees five thousand are fully depreciated in the
year of purchase.
Leasehold land is amortised over the primary period of lease.
(b) Intangible assets
Intangible assets comprises of Non-competition agreement and
Distribution Rights and are carried at cost of acquisition less
accumulated amortisation and impairment loss, if any. Non-competition
agreement is amortised over its contractual period of 5 years and
Distribution Rights are amortised on a straight-line basis over a
period of ten years, which in management''s opinion represents the
period during which economic benefits will be derived from their use.
2.5 Impairment of assets
In accordance with AS 28 on ''Impairment of assets'', the Company
assesses at each balance sheet date whether there is any indication
that an asset may be impaired. If any such indication exists, the
Company estimates the recoverable amount of the asset. The recoverable
amount is the greater of the net selling price and value in use. Value
in use is the present value of the estimated future cash flows expected
to arise from the continuing use of the asset and from its disposal at
the end of its useful life. In assessing the value in use, the
estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value based
on an appropriate discount factor. If such recoverable amount of the
asset or the recoverable amount of the cash generating unit to which
the asset belongs is less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount
is reduced to its recoverable amount. The reduction is treated as an
impairment loss and is recognized in the profit and loss account.
If at the balance sheet date there is an indication that a previously
assessed impairment loss no longer exists, the recoverable amount is
reassessed and the asset is reflected at the recoverable amount subject
to a maximum of depreciable historical cost.
2.6 Investments
Long term investments are stated at cost. Provision for diminution in
value is made only when in the opinion of the management there is a
decline other than temporary in the carrying value of such investments.
Current investments are valued at lower of cost and market value.
2.7 Employee benefits
(a) Short term employee benefits:
All employee benefits payable wholly within twelve months of rendering
the service are classified as short-term employee benefits. These
benefits include salary, wages and bonus, compensated absences such as
paid annual leave and sickness leave. The undiscounted amount of
short-term employee benefits expected to be paid in exchange for the
services rendered by employees is recognized during the period of
rendering of service by the employee.
(b) Long term employee benefits:
(i) Defined contribution plans
The Company has defined contribution plans for post employment benefits
namely Provident Fund which is recognised by the income tax
authorities.
Under the provident fund plan, the Company contributes to a Government
administered provident fund on behalf of its employees and has no
further obligation beyond making its contribution.
The Company makes contributions to state plans namely Employee''s State
Insurance Fund and Employee''s Pension Scheme 1995 and has no further
obligation beyond making the payment to them.
The Company''s contributions to the above funds are charged to profit
and loss account every year.
(ii) Defined benefit plans
Post-employment benefits:
The Company''s gratuity scheme with Life Insurance Corporation of India
is a defined benefit plan. The Company''s net obligation in respect of
the gratuity benefit scheme is calculated by estimating the amount of
future benefit that employees have earned in return for their service
in the current and prior periods; that benefit is discounted to
determine its present value, and the fair value of any plan assets is
deducted. The present value of the obligation under such defined
benefit plan is determined based on independent actuarial valuation at
the balance sheet date using the Projected Unit Credit Method, which
recognizes each period of service as giving rise to additional unit of
employee benefit entitlement and measures each unit separately to build
up the final obligation. The obligation is measured at the present
value of the estimated future cash flows. The discount rates used for
determining the present value of the obligation under defined benefit
plan are based on the market yields on Government securities as at the
Balance Sheet date. When the calculation results in a benefit to the
Company, the recognised asset is limited to the net total of any
unrecognised actuarial losses and past service costs and the present
value of any future refunds from the plan or reductions in future
contributions to the plan. Actuarial gains and losses are recognized
immediately in the Profit and Loss Account.
(ii) Defined benefit plans (Continued)
Other long-term employment benefits:
Compensated absences which are not expected to occur within twelve
months after the end of the period in which the employee renders the
related services are recognized as a liability at the present value of
the defined benefit obligation at the Balance Sheet date. The discount
rates used for determining the present value of the obligation under
defined benefit plan are based on the market yields on Government
securities as at the Balance Sheet date.
2.8 Borrowing costs
Borrowing costs that are attributable to acquisition, construction or
production of qualifying assets are capitalised as part of such assets.
A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily takes a substantial
period of time to get ready for its intended use. All other borrowing
costs are recognised as an expense in the period in which they are
incurred.
2.9 Inventories
Inventories are valued at lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost
is determined under the first in first out method and includes all
costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location
and condition. Finished goods and Work- in-progress include appropriate
proportion of costs of conversion. Fixed production overheads are
allocated on the basis of normal capacity of production facilities.
Valuation of work-in-progress is based on stage of completion as
certified by the management.
2.10 Foreign currency transactions
Foreign currency transactions are recorded at the exchange rates
prevailing on the dates of the transactions. Exchange differences
arising on foreign currency transactions settled during the year are
recognized in the profit and loss account of that year.Monetary assets
and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the balance sheet
date are translated at the closing exchange rates. The resultant
exchange differences are recognized in the profit and loss account.
The premium or discount on forward exchange contracts not relating to
firm commitments or highly probable forecast transactions and not
intended for trading or speculation purpose is amortised as expense or
income over the life of the contract.
Forward exchange contracts relating to firm commitments or highly
probable forecast transactions are marked to market and the resultant
net exchange loss is recorded in accordance with the concept of
prudence.
2.11 Operating leases
Lease arrangements, where the risks and rewards incidental to ownership
of an asset substantially vests with the lessor, are recognised as
operating leases. Lease payments under operating lease are recognised
as an expense in the profit and loss account on a straight line basis.
2.12 Taxes on Income
Income tax
Income tax expense comprises current tax and deferred tax charge or
credit (reflecting the tax effects of timing differences between
accounting income and taxable income for the period). Current tax
provision is made based on the tax liability computed after considering
tax allowances and exemptions, in accordance with the Income tax Act,
1961.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax charge or credit and the corresponding deferred tax
liability or asset is recognized for timing differences between the
profits/losses offered for income taxes and profits/ losses as per the
financial statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured
using the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or
substantively enacted at the balance sheet date. Deferred tax assets
are recognised only to the extent there is reasonable certainty that
the assets can be realised in future; however, where there is
unabsorbed depreciation or carry forward of losses, deferred tax assets
are recognised only if there is a virtual certainty of realisation of
such assets. Deferred tax assets are reviewed as at each balance sheet
date and written down or written-up to reflect the amount that is
reasonably/ virtually certain (as the case may be) to be realised.
2.13 Earnings per share (''EPS'')
Basic EPS is computed by dividing the net profit attributable to
shareholders by the weighted average number of equity shares
outstanding during the year.
Diluted EPS is computed using the weighted average number of equity and
dilutive equity equivalent shares outstanding during the year- end,
except where the results would be anti dilutive.
2.14 Provisions and contingencies
Provision is recognised in the balance sheet when the Company has a
present obligation as a result of a past event, and it is probable that
an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the
obligation and reliable estimation can be made of the amount required
to settle the obligation. Contingent liabilities arising from claims,
litigation, assessment, fines, penalties etc. are disclosed when there
is a possible obligation or a present obligation as a result of a past
event where it is not probable that an outflow of economic benefits
will be required to settle the obligation, and the amount can be
reasonably estimated. When there is a possible obligation or a present
obligation in respect of which the likelihood of outflow of resources
is remote, no provision or disclosures is made.
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